- Variables and Data Types: Variables are used to store and manipulate data. Python has various built-in data types, including integers, floats, strings, booleans, lists, tuples, dictionaries, and more.
- Control Flow: Python supports control flow structures such as if statements, for loops, while loops, and switch-case statements (implemented using dictionaries or if-elif-else constructs).
- Functions: Functions in Python are defined using the
defkeyword. They allow you to encapsulate reusable blocks of code and accept parameters for dynamic behavior. - Modules and Packages: Modules are files containing Python code that can be imported into other scripts. Packages are directories containing multiple modules, organized in a hierarchical structure.
- Input and Output: Python provides ways to interact with users through input functions (
input()) and output functions (print()). You can read from files, write to files, and work with standard input/output streams. - Exception Handling: Exception handling allows you to handle and manage runtime errors or exceptional situations in your code. Python provides a try-except-else-finally construct for handling exceptions.
- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Python supports OOP principles such as classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. You can define classes, create objects from them, and perform object-oriented programming techniques.
- Libraries and Packages: Python has a vast ecosystem of third-party libraries and packages that extend its functionality. Some popular libraries include NumPy (numerical computing), pandas (data manipulation), Matplotlib (data visualization), and scikit-learn (machine learning). Libraries and Frameworks: Python has a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks for various domains, including web development (e.g., Flask, Django), data analysis (e.g., NumPy, pandas), machine learning (e.g., scikit-learn, TensorFlow), and more.
- File Handling: Python provides various methods to read from and write to files. You can open files, read their contents, write data to them, and close them using file objects and relevant methods.
- Virtual Environments: Python allows you to create virtual environments, which provide isolated environments for different projects, ensuring dependencies are managed separately.
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